By doing this, you will certainly likewise invest cash to spend for transportation as well as various other time spent. Just connect to the net and also start to download and install the page link we share. Kurdish regions in Turkey were under military rule for more than a decade and the conflict has cost the lives of 45, people, including soldiers, guerrillas and civilians.
The complex issue of the Kurdish Question in Turkey is subject to comprehensive examination in this book. This interdisciplinary edited volume brings together chapters by social theorists, political scientists, social anthropologists, sociologists, legal theorists and ethnomusicologists to provide new perspectives on this internationally significant issue.
It elaborates on the complexity of the Kurdish question and examines the subject matter from a number of innovative angles.
Considering historical, theoretical and political aspects of the Kurdish question in depth and raising issues that have not been discussed sufficiently in existing literature, this book is an invaluable resource for students and scholars of Nationalism and Conflict, Turkish Politics and Middle Eastern politics more broadly.
His main research interests are in identity and nationalism, peace and conflict studies and the international relations of the Middle East. Within this structure, social welfare programs aimed at the informal poor, most importantly healthcare, have been equalized with those aimed at formal sector employees.
In this universal healthcare system, all citizens are covered and the premiums of formal sector employees are paid by the employees, with the premiums of the informal poor being paid by the government and the premiums of the informal non-poor recently being lowered to almost 15 US dollars. The ratio of social expenditures to the GNP increased from 0. Each year, , students also take part in the free school transportation program, which provides free lunch at schools as well.
This is also the case for old age pensions for the poor. Most importantly, if a poor family provides nursing to a disabled family member or elderly person, it receives an amount almost equal to the minimum wage. Similarly, a new program granted poor grandparents a monthly wage of more than US dollars for providing daycare for their grandchildren.
With its current structure, the Turkish welfare system could be considered part of an emerging welfare regime family together with other emerging market economies.
David Brady and Linda M. The main criterion for inclusion was that the article had to classify Turkey within a regime, model, or cluster. The Turkish-language search initially produced 18 results, including 10 articles and 7 books. Application of the inclusion criteria produced 6 studies. Large-N studies. Gough regarded Turkey as part of the Southern European or Mediterranean welfare regime cluster. Due to inadequate data, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey were excluded from the analysis, leaving 20 countries.
He also changed his view, overturning his earlier assertion33 that there was a distinctive Southern European assistance regime. Abu Sharkh and Gough34 carried out cluster analysis on 65 nations. They found four substantial cluster groups in and eight clusters in They pointed out that the countries in this group were primarily, but not necessarily, low-middle income with high growth rates, but were relatively undemocratic and unequal.
Moreover, it was a disparate group in cultural and historical terms. Gough and Abu Sharkh35 explored how the composition of public revenues in terms of sources e.
The cluster with substantial tax revenues was, unexpectedly, limited to just two world regions: the Middle East and North Africa MENA , and southern and eastern Africa. Cluster B, however, contained considerable variation, with Turkey 20 percent of GDP , Chile 17 percent , and Korea 16 percent recording tax revenues higher than many in cluster A. Using a combination of policy, spending, and outcome i. They used data on income protection, employment protection, training investment, education investment, and the percentage of non-wage workers in total employment.
She continued that, after , the Turkish welfare system attained a dual character that, to use Gough et al. She further noted that, while the Turkish welfare regime had been undergoing major transformation since the mids, it was nevertheless not possible to argue that the Turkish welfare system had evolved towards a European-type welfare state. Rather, a dual welfare structure emerged, consisting of formal social security schemes for industrial workers and civil servants and an informal welfare system to provide some degree of protection to those left out of the formal system.
He stated that, among the G20 and OECD countries, Turkey, with its contradictory socioeconomic features, emerged as an unusual case. Examining eleven pension and labor market variables for the period of — for 19 OECD nations, he performed a cluster analysis that revealed three broad pension regimes: Southern European, Continental European, and social-liberal. The Southern European regime included Greece, Spain, and Turkey as well as Denmark, though Italy joined the Continental European group while Portugal merged with the social-liberal group.
He concluded that Turkey can be considered under the Southern European welfare regime, which is a distinct welfare regime with mixed features of citizenship-based Beveridgean universal national health services and occupation-based Bismarckian income transfers. As shown in Table 1, all these studies are very diverse in terms of the number of countries they consider, as well as in terms of their underlying concepts and variables.
Regional Studies. In other words, clusters of nations are not based on characteristics produced by techniques such as cluster analysis, but rather on geographical location. However, as we shall see, there appears to be little consensus about which region Turkey should be placed in, as a wide variety of terms with different constituent nations, have been used, sometimes even by the same author: e. Nabil F. Khoury and Valentine M.
Moghadam London: Zed Books, : 6— Massoud Karshenas and Valentine M. Moghadam Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, : 1— He used the key characteristics of the Southern European Model of welfare to classify the Turkish welfare regime: comparing data from Turkey and the four representatives of the Southern European Model Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Greece , as well as representatives the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany of the three welfare regimes outlined by Esping-Andersen, he emphasized the similarities between Turkey and Southern Europe.
His argument was that, in Turkey much as in Southern Europe, the social security system is polarized and protects an occupational core, the level of state penetration in the social realm is extremely low, and a safety net in the form of a social assistance scheme is absent. The most 47 Valentine M. In other respects, however, Turkey did not match the ideal type of a Southern European Model. In the end, however, she concluded that this was only a partial analysis of social policy in the region, presenting a revised history of social policy based on the welfare state as a particular cultural settlement.
For example, this family diverged from the Southern European Model in that it did not have a Bismarckian social protection legacy. He noted that, even though Turkey was clearly an outlier with regard to living standards and social expenditure, observers both within the country and abroad included it in a discussion of the Mediterranean family of nations. Nevertheless, it represented an exceptional case, especially with respect to Europeanization processes in a variety of policies, including social policy.
The existing welfare system in Turkey, they stated, can be considered a minimal and indirect, informal security regime.
Dedeoglu63 discussed residual welfare states in the MENA region before turning to feminist typologies of welfare states. Karshenas and Moghadam66 and Karshenas et al. Single-Country Case Studies. Strong family ties, coupled with indirect and informal channels of welfare, have compensated for the welfare vacuum. Akan76 argued that the primary informal social protection mechanism in the Turkish system was the extended family.
While the Middle East has witnessed a growing nexus between business and politics in the wake of liberalization, little is discussed. Capitalism in Transformation. Presenting a profound and far-reaching analysis of economic, ecological, social, cultural and political developments of contemporary capitalism, this book draws on the work of Karl Polanyi, and re-reads it for our times.
The renowned authors offer key insights to current changes in the relations between the economy, politics and society,.
0コメント